ma as a growth strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 33 Words: 9872 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? MA CONCEPTS Introduction The phrase Mergers and Acquisitions refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying and selling and combining of different companies that can aid, finance or help a growing company in a given industry grow rapidly without having to create another business entity The above sums up in a nutshell the concept of mergers and acquisitions. There are multiple reasons for companies to get into MA activity whether to expand into a new market or geography, to gain market share in a current market, to overcome competition or for regulatory reasons as some governments make a tie up mandatory to operate in their local economy. However it is essential to mention that in the current economic scenario MA has become an essential tool for companies to expand and grow, as successful MA strategy can be a differentiating factor for successful organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "ma as a growth strategy" essay for you Create order The words and Mergers and Acquisitions are quite often used interchangeably in the current corporate world and hence can be seen in the project as well. Here is an attempt to list out some salient features which differentiate between the terms Mergers and Acquisitions. Merger A Merger can be descried as a combination of two companies into one larger company; such activities are normally voluntary in nature and involve a stock swap or cash payment to the target organization. Stock swaps allow the shareholders of both companies to share the risk involved in the deal. A merger normally results in a new company with a new brand and a new company name being created. Oxford Dictionary of Business defines mergers as A combination of two or more businesses on an equal footing that results in the creation of a new reporting entity formed from the combining businesses. The shareholders of the combining entities mutually share the risks and rewards of the new entity and no one party to the merger obtains control over another. Acquisition Acquisitions or takeover are different from Mergers. In the case of an acquisition a company unilaterally relinquishes its independence and adopts to the acquiring firms plans. As a legal point of view the target company ceases to exist as the buyer swallows the business. Acquisitions have the following characteristics They are a part of a well-considered company development plan It is a unilateral process Top management structure will have fewer problems Contractual regulations are simpler Time taken for an acquisition is normally shorter than a merger. However it is essential to mention here that whether a purchase is to be considered as merger or an acquisition actually depends on the whether the purchase is friendly or hostile or in the manner it is announced. The real difference hence lies in the way it is communicated and the way it is received by the shareholders, directors and employees of the target company. History of MA Mergers and Acquisition movements were normally defined and associated with the behavior of US organizations. Various authors have tried to classify the merger movements into wave. The most prominent was Weston who in 1953 described three major periods of merger movements while studying the US business behavior. Merger waves are a very generic way to describe the predominant strategy that was being adopted by organizations in that era. This has been interpreted by the different authors in different ways depending on how they have perceived by them. However it would be wrong to consider that all organizations followed the same strategy as described in the various. The start or the first wave of the Merger movement is said to be have been post the Sherman Act in 1890. Prior to 1890 there was a predominance of the polypoly market structure, this was reduced post 1890 and partial monopolies started increasing. The economic history has been divided into Merger Waves based on the merger activities in the business world as: Period Name Facet 1889 1904 First Wave Horizontal mergers 1916 1929 Second Wave Vertical mergers 1965 1989 Third Wave Diversified conglomerate mergers 1992 1998 Fourth Wave Hostile takeovers; Corporate Raiding 2000 Fifth Wave Cross-border mergers The Great Merger Movement was primarily a US business phenomenon from 1895 to 1905. It is said that during this time 1800 of small firms disappeared into consolidations with similar firms to form large, powerful institutions that dominated their markets. The relaxation of corporate laws in the United States helped the mergers, transportation and communication networks were developed which helped achieved economies of size. The second wave (1916 to 1929) saw even greater activity in mergers. The motive behind these mergers was vertical integrations. Organizations tried to achieve technical gains and to avoid their dependence on other firms for raw materials. The third wave saw the large conglomerates looking at diversification in the 60s. the process actually reached its zenith during the merge wave and was carried to its logical extreme by the conglomerate firms that rose to prominence during that time. The fourth wave in 90s saw increase in hostile takeovers and corporate raiding by the large firms. This was a wave during which vulnerable companies were grabbed up by the larger firms. The fifth wave has been categorized as starting from the year 2000 onwards and has seen a trend of increase in Cross border acquisitions. The rise of globalization has seen increased the market for cross border MA. This rapid increase has taken many MA firms by surprise as most of them never used to consider this due to the complexity involved in cross border MA. The success of these acquisitions was also limited and we saw a vast majority of them failing. Even then in 1997 alone there were over 2300 cross border acquisition worth a total of approximately $298 Million. Source: Boston Consulting Group Research Report The Brave New World of MA-How to Create value from MA, July 2007 Types of Mergers and Acquisitions There are various types of mergers and acquisitions depending on the type of the business structure. The classification can be based on the type of companies merging or by the way the MA deal is being financed. Here is some type of mergers on the basis of the relationship between the two companies that are merging:  · Horizontal Merger- This type or a merger is between two companies that share the same product line and markets and are in direct competition with each other  · Vertical Merger This is between a customer and company of between a supplier and a company  · Market Extension Merger This between two companies that sell the same products in different geographies or markets  · Product Extension Merger This is between two companies that are selling different but related products in the same market.  · Circular Merger A circular merger is very similar to a product extension merger however in this case the products being sold are completely unrelated. The merger brings in benefits by utilizing the same channels for marketing these unrelated products, allowing shared dealerships. An example of this kind of a merger is of McLeod Russel (A Team company) with Eveready Industries ( A batteries company) in 1997. McLeod Russel however was de-merged from Eveready in 2005.  · Conglomeration This type of a merger is between two companies that have no common business areas. Mergers can also be classified depending on how the merger is being financed as described below Purchase Mergers This kind of a merger occurs when a company purchases another. The purchase is made through cash or through the issue of a debt instrument. Consolidation Mergers In this type of a merger a new company is formed and both the companies are bought and combined under the new entity. Type of acquisitions can be described as below Amalgamation In this type of an acquisition a new corporation is created by uniting the companies voluntarily. Acquisition/Takeover In this form one company acquires another companies total or controlling interest. The acquired company either operates as a subsidiary or can be liquidated completely. Sale of Assets A company can sell off all its assets to another and cease to exist. Holding Company Acquisition This involves the acquisition of either the total or majority of a firms stock by a company. The purpose of this form is mainly to gain management control of other companies Reverse Merger In this form of an acquisition a private company with strong prospects buys a publicly listed shell company, usually one with no business or limited assets. This helps the private company to get publicly listed in a short span of time. All mergers though have one common goal and that is to create a synergy between two companies which makes the value of the combined companies to be greater than the sum of the two companies MA Process MA process can be laid down in 3 basic phases First Phase Start with an Offer The acquiring firm once decides that they want to do a merger of acquisition, they start with an offer. The acquiring company starts working with financial advisors and investment bankers to initiate contact with the target company. The acquiring must have a strategy for a merger programme, formulated by company management and approved by the director and majority stockholders. The acquiring company also at this point does a soft due diligence with the help of publicly available data and financial advisors. The purpose of this is to arrive at an overall price that the acquiring company is willing to pay for its target in cash, shares or both. Second Phase Targets Response Once the offer has been made the target company can do one of several things mentioned below  · Accept the offer If the target companies top management and shareholders are happy with the offer they can simply accept the offer and go ahead with the deal. Attempt to Negotiate   If the target company management and shareholders are not satisfied with the offer they might try and work out more agreeable terms with the acquiring company. Since a lot is stake for the management of the target i.e. their jobs in particular, they might want to work out better deal to keep their jobs or leave with a big compensations package. Target companies which are highly sought after with multiple bidders would obviously have a better chance of negotiating a sweeter deal. Even manager who are crucial to the operation of an organization have a better chance of success into negotiating a good deal for them. Execute a Poison Pill or similar Hostile Takeover Defense A poison pill can be initiated by a target company if it observers a potential hostile suitor acquiring a predetermined percentage of Target company stock. To execute its defense, the target company grants all shareholders except the acquiring company options to buy additional stock at a dramatic discount. This dilutes the acquiring companys share and thwarts the potential hostile takeover attempt.  · Find a White Knight In this alternative a target company seeks out a friendlier company as a potential acquiring company. The friendlier company would offer an equal or higher price with better terms as compared to a hostile takeover bid. Third Phase or Closing the Deal Once the target company accepts the offer and all the regulatory requirements are met then the deal would be executed. The acquiring company will them pay for the target companies shares with cash, stock or both. A cash-for-stock transaction is fairly straightforward: target company shareholders receive a cash payment for each share purchased. When a company is purchased with stock, new shares from the acquiring companysstock are issued directly to the target companys shareholders, or the new shares are sent to a broker who manages them for target company shareholders GROWTH STRATEGIES Concept of Growth Growth in firms can be looked at by two broad views: organic growth, or inorganic growth. Organic growth is achieved through mainly internal expansion while inorganic growth is achieved through external expansion, i.e. through consolidations, acquisitions and mergers. Growth is something for which most companies, large or small, strive. Small firms want to get big, big firms want to get bigger. As observed by Philip B. Crosby, author of The Eternally Successful Organization, if for no other reason than to accommodate the increased expenses that develop over the years. Inflation also raises the cost of everything, and retaliatory price increases are not always possible. Salaries rise as employees gain seniority. The costs of benefits rise because of their very structure, and it is difficult to take any back, particularly if the enterprise is profitable. Therefore cost eliminations and profit improvement must be conducted on a continuing basis, and the revenues of the organization must continue to increase in order to broaden the base. Most firms, of course, desire growth in order to prosper, not just to survive. Organizational growth, however, means different things to different organizations. Indeed, there are many parameters a company can select to measure its growth. The most meaningful yardstick is one that shows progress with respect to an organizations stated goals. The ultimate goal of most companies is profit, so net profit, revenue, and other financial data are often utilized as bottom-line indications of growth. Other business owners, meanwhile, may use sales figures, number of employees, physical expansion, or other criteria to judge organizational growth. Companies which are run by a product minded entrepreneur are more concerned with the growth and profitability of a firm as an organization for the production of goods and services. While companies run by empire builders type of entrepreneurs are continuously looking at expanding the scope of the enterprise. Empire builders are not satisfied are not s atisfied with product improvement or maintaining competitive edge In terms of access to finance there are broadly five growth stages in a companys lifespan: inception, organic growth, purchased, IPO and Beyond IPO as shown in the figure below. Each stage has its own characteristics, risks and potential financial sources. Organic Growth without MA In Organic growth, growth depends on the ability to avail the available opportunities and existing resources in a more efficient way. The extent of growth of a firm is actually determined by the ability of managers, product or market factors. There is no limit to the absolute size of the firm keeping in mind the assumption that there is no fixity of capital, labor and management and the firm is capable of acquiring these resources at a price. In addition it is also assumed that there are opportunities in the economy for investments. The economies available within the firm (such as excess productive resources or managerial capabilities) disappear after the expansion is completed as they get utilized in a new activity. This means that it is only an entry advantage. However the firm may have these advantages in its new operations, often set up as new subsidiaries or divisions, which may grow in response to the economies in the same manner as the rest of the firm. New operations may later be spun off from the original firm without any loss of efficiency. Further, both the original and the spun off firms will have some unused productive resources which can then be used to develop new activities Inorganic growth through MA The inorganic growth strategy is dependent on MA. The idea of acquisition is that it accelerates the business model, giving it greater impetus than organic growth. Because acquisition gives the business what it cannot get quickly or incrementally. It may be a joint venture an agreement that gives both parties something they want that the other has. Acquisition targets can include both complementary and competitive businesses complementary when the target can give something an acquirer needs or competitive when the target can stop someone else having what the acquirer wants. The risks in growth through acquisitions are significant, but they can be contained through planning and due diligence. The primary risk is integration: post the acquisition is completed the new arrangements have to work and people who were not party to the negotiation have to work together. The same goes for systems and expectations as different business would have grown in different ways. A consistent culture is laudable but a wholly consistent culture will be impossible. Add regional diversity to this and the risk would become even higher. Motivations for MA Mergers and acquisitions can be motivated by either the share-holder wealth maximizing approach or the widening share ownership. The primary objectives of MA activities are diversifications, market expansion, improving competitive position and depression immunity. Given these basic objectives a different rationale can be assigned at both individual and collective levels. From the standpoint of shareholders Investment made by shareholders in the companies subject to merger should enhance in value. The sale of shares from one companys shareholders to another and holding investment in shares should give rise to greater values i.e. the opportunity gains in alternative investments. Shareholders may gain from merger in different ways viz. from the gains and achievements of the company i.e. through Realization of monopoly profits; Economies of scales; Diversification of product line; Acquisition of human assets and other resources not available otherwise; Better investment opportunity in combinations. One or more features would generally be available in each merger where shareholders may have attraction and favor merger. From the standpoint of managers Managers are concerned with improving operations of the company, managing the affairs of the company effectively for all round gains and growth of the company which will provide them better deals in raising their status, perks and fringe benefits. Mergers where all these things are the guaranteed outcome get support from the managers. At the same time, where managers have fear of displacement at the hands of new management in amalgamated company and also resultant depreciation from the merger then support from them becomes difficult. Promoters gains Mergers do offer to company promoters the advantage of increasing the size of their company and the financial structure and strength. They can convert a closely held and private limited company into a public company without contributing much wealth and without losing control. Benefits to general public Impact of mergers on general public could be viewed as aspect of benefits and costs to: Consumer of the product or services; Workers of the companies under combination; General public affected in general having not been user or consumer or the worker in the companies under merger plan. VALUATION OF TARGET COMPANIES Valuation of target companies is an essential step in the MA process. Due Diligence Due Diligence of a company; answers the question of whether a deal is being done at the right time at the right price for the right reasons. It involves an investigation into the affairs of an entity and results in the production of a report detailing relevant data and points. The investigation is performed prior to the businesss acquisition, flotation, restructuring or other transactions Due Diligence is performed by many advisors on the team. For example there may be a separate legal due diligence, financial due diligence, tax due diligence, environmental due diligence, commercial due diligence, and information technology due diligence. Financial due diligence is a vital part of the MA process. Often a problem in the financial due diligence raises point to be dealt by other areas as well, for example a financial due diligence may uncover an unusual lease obligation which then feeds into the legal due diligence. What a due diligence involves Each MA transaction is unique in its own sense hence the scope and extent of a due diligence process needs to be tailored to fit the needs of the buyer. However broadly it should cover the following aspects: The history and commercial activities of the business The organizational structure and employees Employee benefits and labor matters Its accounting policies The information systems A detailed review of financial statements A review of the financial projections Anything else the team may uncover that is relevant for the transaction Methods of Valuation The valuation of a target company normally depends on a lot of factors, it is not sufficient to evaluate the financial aspect alone. This is possible through a valuation of the 5 Ps which are: Personnel  ­- senior management of the target company play an important role in an acquisition. The acquiring firm considers the motivation, energy and intelligence levels of the existing personnel before taking them on. Product Proprietary products of a Target company increase the value of the company. Plant The plant capacity and condition of equipments also affect the valuation of a company. Potential The potential of a firms growth as compared to the industry is also a factor in its valuation Profit The declared profits of the firm is the basis of determining price. It is normally considered easier to evaluate public limited since most of the above data is publicly available in their annually published reports. In the case of a Private company it is a little more challenging to get the same information and the Acquiring company has to depend on a proper due diligence process to complete its valuation. Financial Valuation Financial valuation should answer the simple, but vital, question What is something worth? The analysis of target is hence based on either current projections or of the future. The process of valuations differ substantially for a listed and unlisted companies Many types of valuation metrics are used, involving several sets of metrics. On of the most common is the standard P/E ration (Price to earnings ratio) however some of the other metrics include assets value, capitalized earnings, market value, investment value, book value, costs basis valuation, enterprise value and some combined methods as well. P/E Ratio and Market Price For an unlisted company the P/E ratio of a comparable listed company is referred to and discounted based on the voting rights in the company. For listed companies the modes of valuation can be based on either earnings or assets. The market price of shares reflects the earnings per share (EPS). P/E ratio Calculated as: The P/E ratio is the current price of shares divided by the EPS. The higher the P/E ratio the higher are the future earnings expectation The P/E multiple is calculated as the multiple of net profit used to compute the companys purchase price. For example, an investor attempting to recover his initial investment in 10 years would have to earn an after-tax return of 10% on investment, plus adjustment for discounted cash flow and inflation. Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis uses future free cash flow projections and discounts them (most often using the weighted average cost of capital) to arrive at a present value. DCF is calculated as: Assets Value Tangible assets, such as land and buildings, and intangible assets are assessed as per existing business practices. Goodwill is based on the companys excess earning power for certain number of years. The asset basis valuation is either on the fair value or the open market value. The dividend approach and the super profit approach can also be used for asset valuation. In the dividend, the present share prices are taken as the values of future dividends. While the super profit approach expects to get more value for a firm in addition to the value of the net assets. Capitalized Earnings This method is based on the rate of return on the capital employed Market Value This is on the basis of quoted share values at the stock exchange. Investment Value This is the cost of establishing an enterprise such as the target company and the interest on the same. Book Value This is the secondary factor in valuations and takes into account the total worth of the assets after depreciation. If the P/E multiplier is less than the book value then the book value has to be adjusted to reflect the true value. It takes into account the present net value of the real estate, machinery and equipment. Sometimes the book value may be understated in times of inflation and overstated during depression. Cost Basis Valuation This is cost minus depreciation. Intangible assets are not taken into account. Reproduction Cost This is the current cost of replacement of properties with similar design and material. Substitution Cost Substitution cost is the cost of construction of the same utility and capacity. Enterprise Value The valuation of a company is based on the Enterprise Value (EV) and its ratio to the companys sales and operating profit (PBIDT Profit before interest, depreciation and tax). Enterprise Value is calculated as: A = Market Capitalization of Stock + Total Debt on Companys books B = Investments + Cash EV = (B A) Accounting Methods The method accounting also has a significant impact on the valuation and price the seller will receive. The acquiring firm can use two principal accounting methods for valuations, they can either use the pooling of interests method or the purchase method. The main difference between them is the value that the combined firms balance sheet places on the assets of the acquired firm, as well as the depreciation allowances and charges against income following the merger. Pooling of Interests Method The pooling of interests method assumes that the transaction is simply an exchange of equity securities. Therefore, the capital stock account of the target firm is eliminated, and the acquirer issues new stock to replace it. The two firms assets and liabilities are combined at their historical book values as of the acquisition date. The end result of a pooling of interests transaction is that the total assets of the combined firm are equal to the sum of the assets of the individual firms. No goodwill is generated, and there are no charges against earnings. A tax-free acquisition would normally be reported as a pooling of interests. Purchase Method   In this method, assets and liabilities are shown on the merged firms books at their market (not book) values as of the acquisition date. This method is based on the idea that the resulting values should reflect the market values established during the bargaining process. The total liabilities of the combined firm equal the sum of the two firms individual liabilities. The equity of the acquiring firm is increased by the amount of the purchase price. Mark Up Pricing/ Premium Markup pricing or premium is the percentage difference between the trading price of the target companies stock before the announcement of acquisition and the price per share paid by the acquiring firm. Bidding firms pay large premiums to acquire control of exchange-listed target firms. Normally premiums include pre-bid run up in the target firms stock price as part of the control premium paid by the winning bidders. The valuations by the bidder and the target depend on the information each party has at the time of the negotiation. Mark Up or premium is partly decided on the basis of the relationship pattern of the acquiring firm. The pattern in some cases is that if interlocking directorship among firms. Most firms have stable and long standing relationships with professionals such as attorneys, investment bankers and accountants. These are likely to have similar effects as to interlock directorships. Managers take advice from both their interlock partners and professional firms when deciding how much to pay. Financing an MA Organizations use various methods for financing an MA deal. Often combinations of the below mentioned methods: Cash Cash payments. These are normally preferred since the organization does not have to dilute equity and there will be no change in the number of shares outstanding. Also cash transactions save time and cash can be re-invested at the face value. Financing Financing capital may be borrowed from banks or raised from issue of bonds. Acquisitions that are financed through debt are called as leveraged buyouts if they take the target private, and the debt will often be moved down into the balance sheet of the acquired company. Hybrids An acquisition can involve a combination of cash and debt or of cash and stock of the purchasing entity. POST ACQUISITION INTEGRATION After the acquisition is completed, the acquired company needs to be integrated with the acquiring company. The process of integration actually needs to be planned during the acquisition itself to ensure that the company integrates smoothly. The success of integration also depends on the managers who are responsible for the implementation. Planning The acquiring company needs to plan the post acquisition integration period. IN the initial period the target company is more receptive to drastic changes to make the company viable. Some of the basic approaches are as follows Adapting a program This should be completely aligned with the companies goals and objectives of the company and should also take into account the limitations of the company. Effective organization and leadership structure The integration process involves creating a group which focuses on creating value through specific activities and actions. A true partnership would mean involving the senior leadership of the acquired company as well in this strategic group. Minimize post acquisition exodus of critical resources It is critical to have a preventing plan in place to minimize the damage that maybe caused to the new enterprise. Any loss of critical things like market standing, key employees, brand has to be avoided. Employee issues The employees of the acquired entity need reassurance on their career planning and a competitive spirit needs to be developed. Establishing Priorities Priorities have to be clearly established and communicated properly to all the employees of both companies. There is a high degree to probability of mis communications to employees of both companies and a channel of communication needs to be established. Implementation: Areas of Focus The failure of MA is quite often attributed to acquiring firms obsession with the deal itself than to what is to be done post the deal. Quite often the top management of the firms are expected to deliver the implementation plan but are excluded from the planning stage of the deal. A successful MA is the one in which acquiring firm looks at the various functional areas of the target firm and creates a structure to merge it with the acquiring firm. Some of the broad functional areas are discussed as follows: Accounting There are different methods of accounting and one of the key concerns is to ensure that both the acquiring and the acquired firm become aligned. The acquiring company normally has a focus on choosing a method which helps them to avoid tax and the one that helps in creating a healthy picture of the combined companies. The Institute of Chartered Accountants in India (ICAI) has suggested AS-14 as the accounting method to be followed only in the case of a transferee company. It recognizes the pooling of interest method and the purchase method as has been mentioned in the financial evaluation section. Procurement Procurement processes need to be optimized for a potential benefits for the combined entity. The acquiring firms critical resources need to be assessed and recurring stock-out items have to be reviewed. There is always an opportunity of increasing efficiency of both firms in rationalizing the manufacturing process. Procurement prices can be optimized with economies of scale coming into effect while surplus stock can be removed by sharing of volumes and rationalizing production cycles of both entities. Marketing and Sales There can be a major value creation in marketing and sales process improvements. There can be various approaches taken to create a successful sales and marketing strategy like concentrating on one channel, following a selective advertising approach, combining the marketing and sales departments (this though may be a challenge in niche area acquisitions) and aiming at more revenue with less sales force. Quite a few companies also aim at creating or designing a new product to cater to the top companies of both the entities. This is one area where integration can also have multiple fiascos like emphasizing too much on new revenue creation, assuming pricing to be too critical for adding value and not anticipating the liquidity trap. RD Research and development is an area which has conflicting views in terms of affect of integration. One view is that integrating the two companies RD wings reduces waste and managements can focus on creating value for their shareholders. The second view is that acquiring firms and the acquired firms do not benefit from acquisition integration. It is believed that acquiring firms spend less on RD and the introduction of new products and hence come up with fewer innovations. The acquired firm that integrates with this acquiring firm also looses its niche value and reduces innovations in the acquired firm. Many firms wish to concentrate on their core businesses. In mature markets, companies try to establish economies on scale by buying other companies instead of investing in RD. When companies acquire firms which are complimentary to their core business there is no trade-off between takeover and innovation. Brand Brand is normally considered as product plus added values. There are different terms which are used in connection with brand and with different meanings. Integration of brands with acquiring and the acquired company plays a critical role in a successful integration. Sometime acquisitions are also focused towards acquiring more of a brand than just infrastructure and hard assets of a firm. It is essential to talk about the term brand equity here. Brand equity has many components such as customers habits and purchasing behavior, their attitudes to the brand, brand availability, distribution and long term relationships. Brand equity is also viewed as potential for future profits. There are also parallel situations where even though a division of a firm is acquired by another firm there are some brand which continue to be retained by the original entity. For example even thought the Indian company of Electrolux was acquired by Whirlpool in 1996, Whirlpool continued to own the Kelvinator brand. Electrolux specified that Whirlpool could not use the Kelvinator name with any other brand names. Human Resource Since people form the main assets of a company a successful integration of merged units has to deal with issues like people, culture, policies and systems and structures. Each organization has its own culture, i.e. values and beliefs that are nurtured through stories. Organizational culture can be both subjective and objective. Subjective cultures are concerned with leadership styles, mental frameworks and the ways of solving problems in the organization. Objective cultures are mostly physical settings, office locations and dÃÆ' ©cor. There are two major phases in integration of cultures of the acquired company and acquiring company, these are: First Phase: Continuity This step identifies the critical steps that are required for the continuity of the business. These, involve creation and implementation of systems to ensure competence and involves recruitment, training and development. Second Phase: Integration In this phase the critical functions are identified and reorganized to make both entities function as one. The management needs to watch out for various issues and ambiguities that can arise during integration of human resources functions, some of these are Individual Stress During a transition or integration process stress is intensified and if the people in an organization are not adept to change this can cause serious concerns. Uncertainty and anxiety Rumors and lack of communication from senior management causes a high degree of anxiety among employees. Loss and Termination This becomes a bigger concern particularly during hostile takeovers, where disappearance of familiar work culture and people may cause stress. People start bargaining to keep things as they were rather than to adjust to a new situation. Combination Preoccupation Employees may be too worried discussion about the combination of the two companies as compared to taking care of their jobs. Hence it may result in loss of productivity. Lack of Trust Employees who had low trust may further become paranoid during the merger. As the trust decreases, self interest becomes more important to the employees as compared to the interest of the company. Top Management Top management turnover is common byproduct of MA activities. The nature of negotiations during the MA between the parties also affects the subsequent relationship. This may result in the top management not being willing to work together and hence results in turnover. There have been various studies which have been conducted to understand the various attributes that cause high attrition rate among top management post MA. Walsh (1989) identified 3 attributes of companies and 7 attributes of the transaction that affect on top management. Company Attributes A target companies top management turnover rate is expected to be higher in the case of a related merger than an unrelated merger in the case of a higher difference in size between the parent and target companies. When the company has been subject to rather than free from, previous MA activity. Transaction Attributes   A target companys top management turnover is likely to be higher in a tender offer than a merger to be higher if the negotiation had multiple counter offers being made to vary positively with the amount of time required to negotiate a deal to be lower following a public assurance by the buyer of top management retention as compared to when no such communication is given. to be higher following a hostile merger than a friendly merger. to be lower following a MA paid for in stock to vary positively with the premium paid for the target company. EVALUATING SUCCESS OF A MA The integration of companies may take anything from 6 to 18 months depending on multiple factors like cultural assimilation, size of the Target Company, operational integration, etc. Current performance measures of the success of a merger are not very developed. Primarily, they only include short-term outcome measures and the ones being used do not adequately evaluate success. Thus there are no input or process measures that would provide guidance on the drivers and key factors of success. Better measures are needed that include both short term and long term indicators of merger success and the input processes necessary to drive the success. Using short term measures such as stock price to evaluate success are clearly insufficient to understand and predict long term merger success. Both the financial and non- financial metrics related to the performance on seven factors (strategic vision, strategic fit, deal structure, due diligence, pre-merger planning, post-merger integration and e xternal factors) that drives to success is necessary. Researchers and managers alike need a better understanding of the management control actions and performance measures that lead to success in each of these key factors and the casual relationships of superior merger performance. Manager and Researchers examining post-acquisition success usually focus on four key methodologies. Accounting studies examine financial results before and after the acquisition to monitor improvement. Financial analysis is focusing around revenue growth and profit growth achieved after the MA activity. This is normally a difficult thing to measure since there is no base to compare it with. However normally the managers take into account what the growth of the organization would have been without the MA activity and what was the growth rate planned with the MA activity. Both the comparison methods have certain hypothetical situations built into them but they provide some amount of insight into the effect of MA to the firm. Similarly profit percentage figures could also be looked at in similar comparison studies to revenue numbers. Surveys of executives record the responses of managers to determine if they believe a deal has created value. More often than not in large firms it is difficult to pin point the exact revenue numbers that can be attributed to an acquisition as revenues might have come from synergy revenues or brand value creation, etc. Here however a structured questionnaire with the executives is able to shed light if they feel the acquisition has added value to the organization. This is a very subjective approach and may provide more insight on the perception the acquisition was able to create. Clinical studies focus on a particular transaction or a small sample through interviews with executives, knowledgeable observers, and other key players. Event studies look at whether shareholders realize returns beyond a particular benchmark in the period surrounding the announcement of a deal. LEGAL PROCEDURES FOR MA MA activity is normally monitored and regulated by various governments; particularly in the case of listed companies it becomes critical to monitor these to maintain stockholder interests. It is essential to adhere to all legal requirements for all MA activities. Since the legal structure keeps changing regularly it is essential to follow the current laws and normally the services of corporate law firm needs to be availed. This section simply tries to list down the basic procedures that need to be followed for an MA activity, it does not however try to look at the various Acts and its applicability in an MA scenario. The procedures that need to be adopted are as follows: Examination of Object Clauses The Memorandum and Articles of Association should be examined to check if the power to amalgamate is available in both the Acquiring and the target company. If such a clause does not exist in the MOA and AOA then necessary approvals of the share holders, board of directors and company law board are required. Obtain Required Approvals Required approvals from Central Government and Reserve Bank of India need to be obtained. The Government has relaxed most of the rules around MA activity since the liberalization in 1991, however in certain MA activities Government and RBI approvals are still required. One such example is that the Government still controls acquisition of foreign banks. MRTP (Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices Act) and FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) also requires Government and RBI approvals in certain cases. Approval of Draft Merger Proposal by the respective Boards The draft merger proposal should be approved by the respective BODs. The board of each company should pass a resolution authorizing its directors/executives to pursue the matter further Application to High Court Once the drafts of merger proposal is approved by the respective boards, each company should make an application to the high court of the state where its registered office is situated so that it can convene the meetings of share holders and creditors for passing the merger proposal. Intimation to Stock Exchanges The stock exchanges where merging and merged companies are listed should be informed about the merger proposal. From time to time, copies of all notices, resolutions, and orders should be mailed to the concerned stock exchanges. Notice to Share Holders and Creditors In order to convene the meetings of share holders and creditors, a notice and an explanatory statement of the meeting, as approved by the high court, should be dispatched by each company to its shareholders and creditors. A press release should also be made in the leading newspapers by both the companies about the MA decision. Share Holder and Creditor Meetings Under Section 391 of the Companies Act, 1956 and Companies Court Rules, 1959, both the companies have to make applications for an order by judges summons convening the meeting of the members of the two companies to approve the scheme. The summonses for the meetings are issued under Rule 67. The copy of the order is filed with the Registrar of Companies. Notices of meetings in the prescribed form are printed and advertised in the newspapers 21 days before the date of the meeting. Separate meetings of equity and preference share holders, and creditors are held. Reports are submitted within seven days to the High Court. Income Tax Application The acquirer company has to submit the application in case of benefits under Section 72A of the Income Tax Act, 1961, to the specified authority. Petition to High Court Once the mergers scheme is passed by the share holders and creditors, the companies involved in the merger should present a petition to the HC for confirming the scheme of merger. A notice about the same has to be published in 2 newspapers. Filing the order with Registrar of Companies The copy of the order is filed with the Registrar of Companies within 30 days of passing the order by the Court. Transfer of Assets and Liabilities After the final order is passed by the High Court, all the assets and liabilities of the acquired company has to be transferred to the acquiring company. Issue of Shares and Debentures The merging company after fulfilling the provisions of the law should issue shares and debentures in the ratio approved under the scheme. INDIAN MA LANDSCAPE POST 2006 RECESSION This section would primarily look at the MA landscape in India post the global recession that hit around the year 2006 and is now showing signs of stabilizing. In recent years, there is a major change: There are more outbound deals, valued at US$ 0.7 billion in 2000-01, increased to US$ 4.3 billion in 2005, and further crossed US$ 15 billion-mark in 2006.Year 2007 witnessed 12 inbound and 54 outbound deals whereas 2008 saw 34 inbound and 72 outbound deals. In the first two months of 2007, corporate India witnessed deals worth close to $40 billion. One of the major outbound deals was Mahindra Mahindras takeover of 90 percent stake in Schoneweiss, a German company with over 140 years of experience in forging business. Hitting the headlines in 2007 was Tatas takeover of Corus for slightly over $10 billion. The current economic conditions due to global meltdown have reduced funding opportunities but provided opportunities for well capitalized corporate to make acquisitions at cheaper valuations than in recent history. 2009 has so far seen a slump in MA activities of Indian companies to a 3 years low with the corporate world facing a liquidity crunch in the wake of the crisis. It is down 33% on the same period last year, making it the lowest year to date level since 2006 comparatively there had been MA deals worth about $29.70 billion in the corresponding period in 2008. Buoyant Indian Economy Indias economy picked up pace in the latest few quarters as government spending helped to overcome the worst of the global downturn. Growth in gross domestic product accelerated to 6.1 percent from a year earlier in the April-June quarter from 5.8 percent in the previous quarter, as per the governments Central Statistical Organisation. Indias foreign exchange reserves increased by US$ 4.2 billion to US$ 255.9 billion for the week ended May 8, 2009. FDI inflows during April 2008-January 2009 stood at US$ 23.9 billion compared with US$ 14.4 billion in the corresponding period of the previous fiscal, witnessing a growth of 65%. As the previous data for the last few years clearly show that with the growth the mergers and acquisitions made by Indian companies increased, so there is direct correlation between the MA and the growth. Since the market conditions are getting better with economy coming back on track, there is a positive outlook towards the MA in coming times. In a tight market, cash is king. Indian companies, more cash-rich than their western counterparts, are facing an once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to pick up valuable assets abroad. The average cash Indian firms are holding is 43% of their capital, against 16% at their US and Europe counterparts. Besides, the debt levels at Indian firms are just 60% of equity, against 250% at western companies. So, this is an excellent opportunity for the Indian firms to go abroad and do the MA as cash-rich Indian corporations have a competitive advantage in bidding against firms whose traditional sources of financing have become restricted CASE STUDY: GROWTH THROUGH ACQUISITION Wipros String of Pearls Strategy Wipro is a leading global IT MNC with its head offices based out of Bangalore. Incorporated in 1945, Wipro Limited is a public limited company listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange (Stock Code Wipro) as well as the New York Stock Exchange (Stock Code WIT). It is a diversified global business conglomerate with interests across Information Technology, FMCG, Lighting, Infrastructure Engineering and Eco-Energy. Wipro is known for its strong relationship, client commitment and the value added to clients. Major group companies include Wipro Technologies, Wipro Consumer Care Lighting and Wipro Infrastructure Engineering. Wipro Limited had revenues of USD 5 Billion during the last financial year (2007-08). Wipros growth strategy over the years has seen a marked change in the pattern it had. Between the periods of 1945-2000, Wipro grew through diversification, partnerships and organically, through innovations it pioneered. Post 2000 Wipro planned an aggressive inorganic growth strategy based on acquiring entities in new markets and geographies. Wipro crafted a comprehensive strategy for building internal competencies and capabilities to integrate new companies rapidly and to ensure that new acquisitions always declare results. Azim Premji calls it his string of pearls strategy of acquiring niche boutique firms, and its helping Wipro expand its global footprint. Wipro identified its rationale for the MA strategy as best described through 2 sets of criteria which overall would help create value for their stakeholders. They can be labeled as Primary criteria and secondary criteria. Primary Criteria To fill identified gaps in Services and Geographies Enlarge customer base and Augment Service portfolio Increased Value addition to existing services Secondary Criteria Compared positively with Organic growth opportunities Creating synergies Potential for significant growth The Wipro acquisition strategy was driven by the Wipro Corporate however the key actions were initiated at the Business Level. Hence the focus on inorganic initiatives was based on Business needs and to plan integration to successful capture value of these acquisitions. To successfully achieve this strategy Wipro corporate came up with the following two high level action plans Action 1: MA based on Strategic Plan from each vertical and each service line Strategic planning exercise to align organic and inorganic targets at the Sub-Vertical, Service lines and Geo levels. Create leveraged organization in each Business Unit and Service Line to support increased MA activity. Action 2: Strengthen competence for successful MA integration Create a team from functions such as HR, Finance, Legal and IS who can be a part of the acquired company. Create a full time position of Integration Officer for each transaction. Ensure all learning is captured and implemented for future use. Assimilate local talent from acquired entity. It has been observed that Wipro maintained a fairly aggressive acquisition strategy until the end of the FY 2009, doing the highest number of acquisitions among its peer group of top five software exporters. Wipro has invested over $1 Billion in acquisitions across various geographies and services lines. However post the start of the global economic slowdown the senior management has sobered down the overall strategy to look at smaller acquisitions that affect overall growth at Wipro. Snapshot of Acquisitions Year Space Acquisition Benefits Emp Location Financial (Revenue) 2002 Technology Services Spectramind ITes 2000 India $48 M 2002 Medical Services GE Medical Systems Medical Equipments NA India $ 110 M 2002 Infrastructure Engineering Hydroauto AB Hydraulics 600 India $112 M 2003 Financial Services Nervewire IT Consulting 90 US $18.7 M 2005 Semiconductors NewLogic Wireless RFID, IP 120 Austria Euro 14 M 2005 Financial Services mPower Payments Space 351 US/India $18 M 2006 Business Services Management cMango Inc ITIL, BMC Competence 120 US $13 M 2006 Oracle Retail Solutions Enabler Oracle Retail Expertise 300 Portugal Brazil $30 M 2006 Automotive, Aerospace Consumer Industries Quantech Global Services CAD/ CAE space 500 US/ India $13 M 2006 ADM for Wireless Networks Saraware Nextgen Network applications 200 Finland Euro 14 M 2006 Technology 3D Networks Business Communication 270 India, ME $ 36 M 2006 Consumer Goods North West Switches Switch Gear NA India $ 8.5 M 2007 IT Infrastructure Outsourcing Infocrossing Datacenter, infrastructure Management 900 US $250 M 2007 Wireless Design OTCS Design Services in RF and baseband 40 Japan/ Singapore $6 M 2008 Pharma Industry Aquatech Water Treament Solutiosn NA India NA 2008 Financial Services Gallagher Financial Mortgage Lending 120 US $15 M 2009 Financial Services Citi Technology Services Technology outsourcing for bank 2500 India $127 M A Closer Look at Some Key Acquisitions Wipro acquired mPower in 2005. The company was and exclusive offshore vendor to MasterCard and specialized in providing custom developed consulting services to companies in the financial services and payment processing space. They had 320+ employees out of which 80% of them were based out of the Offshore Development Center in Chennai. Deal Rationale Expand domain expertise in payment processing services. Good customer name for reference Ability to expand footprint with MC in key areas like infrastructure, transaction processing, e-nabling, ADM etc Large offshore component running profitable business. (easier integration) mPower in the market and this relationship will be bought over by another services vendor making Wipros position weaker Financials Total purchase consideration US$ 25.0 Mn FY07 planned revenues US$ 24.3 M FY07 planned EBIT US$ 6.3 M(25.9%) Wipro acquired cMango in 2005. The company was a leading player in Business Service Management space, with a focus in remedy services since 1998. 100+ employees with an elite client list which included names like UBS, SBC, Orange, PO Nedloyd, Stanchart, etc. Deal Rationale Addition of new service line BSM Visible synergies with existing service lines in TIS (Technology Infrastructure Services). It helped to consolidate Wipros leadership position in TIS. Acquisition of 100+ ready team with Remedy consulting, implementation and management skills Financials Total purchase consideration US$ 32.0 M Upfront payment US$ 20.0 M FY07 estimated revenues US$ 20.0 M FY07 estimated EBIT US$ 4.9 M (24.3%) Wipro acquired Saraware in 2006. Saraware was founded in 1985 and was a leading provider of Design and Engineering Services to Telecom companies. Its core offering was in Wireless Infrastructure space with competencies in design and development of base station controllers. It had 200+ domain specialists with a client list that included names like Nokia, EADS. Deal Rationale Brings both telecommunications as well as local presence in Finland Saraware provides complementary set of product engineering and technologies Wipro will gain access to the Finnish employment market. Financials Total purchase consideration US$ 34.8 M Upfront payment US$ 27.6 M FY07 planned revenues US$ 18.0 M FY07 planned EBIT US$ 3.8 M (21.4%) Wipro acquired infocrossing in 2007. The company was founded in 1985 and is a publicly listed company with IPO in 1992 (NASDAQ: IFOX). A New Jersey based leading provider of selective IT infrastructure outsourcing, Healthcare solutions and ERP applications managed hosting. The company had more than 900+ employees with revenues of around $250 M at the time of acquisition Deal Rationale Infocrossing opens up exciting growth opportunities for Wipro in Large Total Outsourcing space. Infocrossings IT+BPO Healthcare Solutions including proprietary Platform will give boost to Wipros fast-growing Healthcare practice. It will transform Wipros TIS by giving market address to Mainframes outsourcingsegment (Expected to be $40 Bn market). Financials Offer Price US$ 18.7 per share (approximately a total of $600 Million) FY06A Revenues- US$ 229.2 M FY06A EBIT US$ 25.0 M (10.9%) Crafting an Integration Strategy Developing a strong philosophy toward acquisition integration was the most important step in building a comprehensive integration strategy. Furthermore, this philosophy had to start at the top of the organization. The first step was to treat acquisitions as an ongoing corporate program fundamental to the companys successà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ and not as an event-specific response to a particular transaction. One of the most important mind-set changes we had through this engagement was to think of mergers and acquisitions less as a project and more as a pro ­cess, says Sudip Nandy, the Chief Strategy Office for Wipro till end of 2007 noting that handling acquisitions any other way would create too much complexity and waste. The importance of acquisitions to each business unit and the role each manager played were also important issues that needed to be addressed. Sudip Nandys team worked with business-unit leaders in sales, IT, human resources, finance, and other areas to reinforce these ideas, sharing best practices to help leaders develop the necessary capabilities to support the acquisition integration program. According to Mr. Azim Premji, Wipros experience in successfully integrating recent acquisitions gives us the confidence to pursue our inorganic growth strategy more aggressively in the future. Observations Lets take a closer look at Wipros growth over the years; we have divided it to the first 60 years and then the last 5 years through the period which we have tracked their various acquisitions. Wipro had a consistent growth rate of (CAGR- Compounded Annual Growth Rate) over 60 years in revenues of 21%. At the same the CAGR for Net Income was close to 31%. Now lets look at the period from FY 2002-03 onwards, the details of which are shown below. Wipros revenue has grown at a CAGR of 34% and Net Income at 30% in the last 5 years. Wipro Corporations revenue stands at Rs 255 Billion for 2008-09, at 28% YOY. Summary It is evident looking at the details above that Wipros growth rate has shot up tremendously since it embarked on it string of pearls acquisition strategy. The acquisition strategy itself was very well structured and involved Business Units and Managers in identifying the gaps in the market place that they would be looking to address. The team, then not only was able to provide inputs on the potential acquisition target but also own the acquisitions during the integration phase. This proved to be a major turning factor in the overall success of the acquisition. Overall we have only been able to critically look at the overall growth of Wipro as a factor to see how acquisitions impacted their growth. It would be difficult to pinpoint the success of each acquisition in itself until and unless we involved line managers and business leaders from Wipro. However we did observe that there were various intangible benefits that Wipro looked at in these acquisitions, here is an attempt to list them out. Entry in to strategic markets Obtaining referencable clients Ability to cross sell to these clients, Wipro terms these as synergy revenues and they are critical factor in evaluating the success of an acquisition. Creating a global presence. At the same time it is imperative to mention that while we are taking a deeper look into Wipros acquisition strategy and its affect on Wipros growth, we definitely cannot assume that it was the only strategy Wipro embarked on during this period. Wipro coupled the MA strategy with its Organic growth plan and tried to create complementary strengths by successfully marrying these two together. Annexures Top Global MA Deals for 2008 Top Indian MA Deals for 2008 Sector wise review of India MA Deals Bibliography ANNEXURES Annexure i: Top Global MA deals for 2008 Top US and US cross border transactions Value ( $ Millions) Announce Date Seller Buyer $ 66,809.44 26/1/2009 Wyeth Pfizer Inc $ 50,613.03 11/6/2008 Anheuser-Busch Cos, Inc InBev SA $ 46,391.47 14/9/2008 Merrill Lynch and Co., Inc Bank of America Corp $ 44,291. 31 21/7/2008 Genentech, Inc Roche Holding AG $ 38,406.36 9/3/2009 $ 31,804.41 $ 27,000.00

Essay about Sigmund Freud Theory - 1445 Words

‘A’ Level Philosophy and Ethics Notes Conscience - Freud Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) Freud was an Austrian doctor who had a number of troubled middle class Viennese ladies. He had a private practice in Vienna, where he developed his theories about the development of the mind. He developed the term Psychoanalysis, and also coined many of his other technical terms. Some of these terms have become widely known, though sometimes their original meanings have become changed! He began to develop his ideas as he worked with hypnosis as a treatment for hysteria in Paris. His mentor (a French Physiologist called Jean Charcot) was convinced that the hysteria that he was treating was psychical in origins. Charcot believed that ideas and beliefs†¦show more content†¦The child feels guilt and shame at â€Å"letting its parent down†. These feelings of shame and guilt become established in the psyche as the conscience. 2 Conscience - Freud The Conscience at Work A person brought up in a strictly Christian family can experience powerful feelings of guilt if (or when!) they begin to reject some of the values that they have been brought up to hold. Peter was brought up in a strongly Presbyterian family. When he was a child, he attended Church twice every Sunday.  § The minister’s sermons would be delivered in powerful tones – the theme would usually be the punishment in hell waiting for the unrighteous.  § He would be made to wear his uncomfortable â€Å"Sunday Best† – there would be no Television, or toys or games. The day was spent in silent contemplation, Bible study or discussion groups.  § Many topics were â€Å"taboo† – particularly sex. Alcohol was banned. The women in the Church dressed modestly, and expected their daughters to dress the same. 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Applications of Uniform Circular Motion free essay sample

In 1851, a French physicist named Jean-Bernard-Leon Foucault suspended an iron ball with a radius of approximately 0. 5 feet from the ceiling of the Pantheon in Paris with a wire that was over 200 feet long. The ball was used as a pendulum, and it could swing more than 12 feet back and forth. Beneath the ball he placed a circular ring with sand on top of it. Attached to the bottom of the ball was a pin, which scraped away the sand in its path each time the ball went by. To get the ball started on a perfect plane, the ball was held to the side by a cord until it was motionless. At that point, the cord was burned, which started the ball swinging. As the ball continued to swing as a pendulum, the path the pin carved into the sand changed, as the floor itself, as well as the rest of the Earth, was moving beneath it. We will write a custom essay sample on Applications of Uniform Circular Motion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Essentially, the Foucault pendulum demonstrates the rotation of the Earth. The Foucault pendulum is not forced to stay in a fixed plane like Newton’s pendulum, also known as Newton’s cradle, which means it can move freely in response to the Coriolis force. The Coriolis force, also known as the Coriolis effect, occurs when masses above the Earth’s surface, such as a bullet or rocket, appear to be deflected from their trajectory, meaning they don’t reach their intended location straight ahead of them. In fact it is our frame of reference, the Earth, which is changing. Our frame of reference changes due to our uniform circular motion around the Earth. As the Earth is not a perfect circle (elliptical), the closer to the equator you are, the further away you are from the Earth’s centre and the less force of gravity you experience. The Earth’s radius is 6378 km. As a result of your increased distance from the centre of the Earth at the maximum point at the Earth’s radius on the equator, you have a lower centripetal force at that location. This is shown by the formula for centripetal acceleration, which is: pic] Where centripetal acceleration (m/s2) is equal to the velocity (m/s) squared divided by the radius (m). As the formula shows, as the radius between you and the centre of the Earth increases, your centripetal acceleration decreases. At the equator, your centripetal acceleration is around 0. 03 m/s2 . Therefore, Foucault’s pendulum in Paris has a higher centripetal acceleration than 0. 03 m/s2, as it is located closer to the poles than the equator.

Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture. Answer: Introduction Cloud-based storage can be defined as the specific model of storing data where the digital data gets stored. The hosting company is responsible for managing and controlling this cloud based storage (Laan 2017). Each and every provider of the cloud based storage helps to maintain the accessibility and availability of the data. The physical environment is extremely protected with this cloud storage. These types of storage providers manage the data on storage servers. Virtualization techniques are responsible for building all the storage servers of cloud storage. The following report demonstrates a brief overview on the concept of cloud based storages. The report provides the background of the topic by describing the history of the topic. The methodology and the research details are also described here. The advantages and disadvantages of cloud based storage are also given here. A conclusion will be drawn on the findings. In the year 1960, Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider invented cloud computing by while working with ARPANET. He wanted a connection between data and people from anywhere and at any time. In the year 1983, CompuServe offered all of its users with a smaller disk space for storing all types of files that are to be uploaded (Lee 2014). In the year 1994, the first storage was launched and it was completely web based. In the year 2006, Amazon Web Services or AWS first invented the cloud storage, namely AWS S3. It was instantly recognized by everyone worldwide. The best examples of cloud based storages in todays world are Google Drive, iCloud, Google Docs, XDrive and many more. Cloud based storage comprises of various significant advantages and disadvantages (Null and Labor 2014). These advantages or benefits of cloud storage has made the storage extremely popular and accepted by all. However, there are some of the major disadvantages as well. These disadvantages can be dangerous for any enterprise or company. Methodology is the theoretical or systematic analysis of any method that is used to execute a specific action or activity. This report is done with the help of qualitative research methodology. Several journal papers, books, conference papers and various peer reviewed articles were reviewed while making the report. Amongst them, twelve articles were selected and the report is made on them. These articles are being used to define the topic of cloud storage and its advantages and disadvantages. Issues, Various Points of View According to Stefanov and Shi 2013, cloud storage is extremely necessary and secured to give high performance in data storage. It helps to maintain the security and privacy of the data and thus can be termed as secured. As per Lee 2014, cloud networking is the most important architecture for the cloud based networks. Rountree and Castrillo 2013 have discussed about the various advantages and disadvantages of cloud based storage in their paper. They have mentioned about the importance of cloud storage for any storing any data. As per Laan 2017, the infrastructure architecture is vital and thus should be maintained properly. The cloud architecture includes IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. Each and every cloud architecture has its own advantages and disadvantages. Cloud based storage is one of the most important and significant storages of data that is utilized by the cloud providers to properly maintain, control, manage and backing up of data (Kurose and Ross 2016). This particular service allows all of its users in storing as well as utilizing the files online, so that these data could be easily accessed from any part of the world with the help of the Internet. It has been observed that over 800 decision makers in business have been benefitted from cloud storage and they have gained competitive advantages through this. The most significant advantages of this cloud based storage are as follows: Usability: The very first benefit of any specific cloud storage is its usability. This type of service can be easily utilized and accessed from anywhere and on any operating system. This particular feature makes the cloud based storage extremely popular and accepted by all. However, this usability of the cloud storage is restricted to authenticated users only ad thus it is extremely safe and secured. Cost Effectiveness: This is the second most important advantage of cloud based storage. There are several cloud based storages available in the market and most of them are extremely cheaper in comparison to other data storages. The cost effectiveness of the cloud based storages helps them to gain popularity (Rountree and Castrillo 2013). Moreover, all the organizations that are utilizing the cloud storage get benefit from it as it helps in the reduction of annual operation costs and this cost around 3 percent gigabytes in storing the entire internally. The users would be able to get the additional cost savings since it does not require any type of internal power for the purpose of storing the information remotely. Disaster Recovery: The third important advantage of the cloud storage is the disaster recovery. The organizations or the companies that do not have the emergency back up plans; cloud storage would be the best answer to all of them. The cloud storage is responsible for all types of emergency back ups in case of any data breaching or data lost. These cloud storages act as secondary copy of all kinds of important files that has the highest tendency to be breached or hacked by the hackers or intruders (White 2015). Cloud storage helps these organizations by storing the confidential files in a specific remote location that could only be accessed by the Internet. The hackers do not get any hold of this location and thus the data is extremely safe and secured. Moreover, due to the remote location, and access from only the Internet, the disaster is very less and even if disaster occurs, it can be easily recovered without any complexities. Accessibility: The fourth important advantage of any particular cloud storage is its accessibility. The files that are being stored within the cloud based storage can be easily accessible from any part of the cloud. Moreover, this hassle free accessibility has helped the cloud storage to become extremely popular and acceptable by all its users (Stallings and Case 2013). Any particular user, who are accessing through the Internet, can access the data that has been stored in the cloud storage. These above mentioned advantages or benefits help the cloud based storage to be excessively advantageous and important for the users of cloud computing. Although, cloud based storage comprises of various important advantages, there are some of the major disadvantages embedded within the system as well. The most significant disadvantages or demerits of any cloud based storage are as follows: i) Security: This is the most significant disadvantage of cloud storage. In spite of providing various advantages of data storage, the security of this particular storage is threatening (Laan 2013). It has a disaster recovery embedded within it, however, the security system is not at all up graded and thus there is always a high chance of data losses in any cloud storage. Various security measures are adopted for mitigating the security risks or threats but still the threats in the data recovery is not removed completely. ii) Moving of Documents: Two types of operations are used in cloud storage while moving any document from one location to another. The two operations are the dragging and dropping of files. If not done carefully, the movement of data can be permanent and thus the data would be stored win the cloud storage forever (Pfleeger and Pfleeger 2015). There should be a second copy of data while it is being stored within the storage. Bandwidth: The third disadvantage of the cloud storage is that various such services have particular allowance of bandwidth. If any user crosses that allowance, additional charges are to be incurred. The companies often give a second thought while using any cloud storage. Software: The fourth disadvantage of cloud storage is that all the services and software are to be downloaded in each and every device (Santana 2013). From the above report, it has been found that cloud based storage is very important and significant storage of any data through the Internet. The providers of cloud computing help the users to store their data effectively and efficiently. It is an online storage that comprises of several significant advantages like usability, cost effectiveness, accessibility and disaster recovery (Burd 2016). However, few disadvantages are also present within the storage like the bandwidth is restricted, the requirement of down loading software, the lack of security and the problem in moving any documents. The journal papers and articles have helped to understand the entire concept perfectly. Conclusion Therefore, form the above discussion it can be concluded that cloud computing is the practice of transferring any data or confidential information through the Internet. It is a paradigm of information technology, which helps to enable the ubiquitous access to all types of shared pool of system resources. These could be rapidly provisioned by lesser management effort on the Internet. Cloud storage is the storage of cloud computing that is utilized for storing data or any confidential information with extreme security and safety. There are several kinds of cloud based storages available in the market. The above report has outlined a brief discussion on the cloud storage and various advantages and disadvantages. This report has provided the proper analysis of the methodology, research details and issues of cloud storage. Furthermore, the findings are also mentioned in the report. References Burd, S., 2016. Systems architecture. 7th edn, Course Technology, Boston, MA. 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